How Do We Treat People We Work With And What Are The...

Shekinah Jannelah â€Å"Skye† Peredo SW 442 How do we treat people we work with and what are the outcomes? A social worker’s mission is to â€Å"enhance human well-being and help meet the basic human needs of all people, with particular attention to the needs and empowerment of people who are vulnerable, oppressed, and living in poverty† while emphasizing core values of service, social justice, the dignity and worth of the person, the importance of human relationships, integrity, and competence. Accomplishing this mission includes working with other people, â€Å"clients† in particular. Many types of standards (clinical, legal, professional, agency, and personal) suggest how to do so; this paper will shine a light on professional and personal†¦show more content†¦Their actions should be beneficial, not detrimental, to clients, and should maintain and support the overall mental, emotional, and physical health of a client. Rose’s Story When Rose was an inpatient at Chatwood Psychiatric Hospital, she spoke to Miss Ely about her father’s reason for her admittance: her eye operations were too expensive for him to pay off. Miss Ely became angry because his claim wasn’t the truth and stated that Rose â€Å"did not even belong there at all, but it was too late to cry over spilled milk†. Rose marveled how â€Å"something this terrible can happen to anyone and just need written off by very professional people with something as simple as an old-time phrase†. Miss Ely’s response was troubling because she knew that Rose didn’t belong at the hospital, but she didn’t even attempt to climb up the ladder of leadership and figure out how to help her. She also dismissed the situation as essentially hopeless and unable to be fixed, and she did so without considering the negative long-term effects Rose’s apparent mistaken inpatient status would have on her wellbeing. As a social worker who was integrated within the system and institution, Miss Ely should’ve felt driven to do what she could to better Rose’s situation whether she would be limited by the bureaucracy or not. Although Miss Ely did notShow MoreRelatedKant s Categorical Imperative Of The Modern Era826 Words   |  4 Pagesmetaphysics, his work in ethics was just as substantial. Kant’s ethics came to propose an objective morality, where moral judgments is not only true according to a person s subjective view. He believed the moral worth of an action is not determined by its consequence but the motive behind it. Through Kant’s ethics, he demonstrates this duty through his unconditional moral principle, the categorical imperative. The categorical imperative expresses that morality is not about the outcome (good or bad)Read MoreUtilitarian s Vs. Deontologists1593 Words   |  7 Pagesopposing views on what makes an action just. I argue that Bentham’s view of determining right action, that an action is right if it has the tendency to maximize pleasure, is the optimal one because we are not able to determine the motivations of others with absolute certainty. Deontologists believed that good actions are bad without good will, and that motivation only mattered in determining a right action, not the outcome. Oppositely, utilitarian’s believed that only the outcome mattered in determiningRead MoreEssay on Promote Person-Centred Approaches in Health and Social Care1487 Words   |  6 PagesExplain how and why person-centred values must influence all aspects of health and social care work There is no doubt that person-centred care values must influence all aspects of health and social care work. Health and social care should be based on person-centred values, and should be individualised as this is a law requirement (Human Rights Act 1998, Health and Social care Act 2012, Codes of practice for Social Care Workers, etc). If person-centre values that underpin all work in the health andRead MorePsychology Is The Science Of Understanding People And Animals1020 Words   |  5 PagesPsychology is the study of thoughts and behaviors. Psychology is the science of understanding people and animals. When you try to figure out why someone does something that is psychology. A person that studies psychology is a psychologist. Psychology and the study of psychology is not new. There are prehistoric record that show effort of trying to heal people who were mentally ill or disturbed. Psychology is a science because it has some of the same values they use in research. Psychology is s ocialRead MoreWhat Happens When Events Don t Go As Planned?1050 Words   |  5 PagesWhat happens when events don’t go as planned? What do we do when our beliefs are challenged? Do we hold true to our values or can we be persuaded to transform our views? That is what we will discuss over the following few pages using the Social Judgement Theory (Griffin, Ledbetter, Sparks, 2015) and the Expectancy Violation Theory (Griffin, Ledbetter, Sparks, 2015). With the Social Judgement Theory; we take messages we hear and place them on an attitude scale in our mind. Our reading used the exampleRead MoreCommentary On The Mind s Biology940 Words   |  4 PagesMedia nowadays cover topics ranging from kitty rescues to more important and relevant matters, such as the presidential election. News outlets are directed at a specific crowd, and we know that because of where news outlets land on the political spectrum. Regardless of where their political allegiances lay, one thing is for sure. The media does not understand science. With so much pop science being broadcasted, real science and sciencist are put to shame. Meaningful studies are overshadowed by headlinesRead MoreMusic Therapy : Where Does It Stand?1605 Words   |  7 Pagespsychotherapy, there are several options. Most people use one or more of these five types: body psychotherapy, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), existential psychotherapy, interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT), or re lational psychotherapy (Jefferies). These are some of the most popular forms of psychotherapy, and most patients who use them are successful in healing or reaching a manageable state. Because of their famed efficiency and reliability, many people go straight to the aforementioned therapiesRead MoreKant s Theory On Morality1608 Words   |  7 Pageshis work Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals, is one of the key ideas brought up to support his theory on morality. I believe that Kant’s argument is essentially correct – however, with every argument comes a set of flaws, and this one is no exception. Section One starts off with a question – is anything good in itself, and if so, what is it? Kant offers to the reader several valued attributes: wit, intelligence, loyalty, and judgment (393). One might think that these attributes are what makeRead MoreSynergistic Decision Making1082 Words   |  5 Pageswith people is not easy at times. Many people rather work independently of others. I believe most of the reason for the individual deciding to work independent of others, is because they do not want to rely on others for their success or failure. If they can do it alone, they feel more in control of the process and thus, do not have to deal with many of the variables that come with working in groups of people. In my journey I have certainly not mastered working with people; however, I do findRead MoreWorldview Assignment Essay examples748 Words   |  3 Pages Part One: What is worldview? A â€Å"worldview† is looked at in many different ways. Logical the way one thinks about life, faith, death, work, values, and morals. As well as â€Å"how we see the big picture.† Say for instances you have to make a decision in ones everyday life, and have to deal with actions of the choices one has chose. According to Sire â€Å"a worldview is a commitment.† For example your commitment to how one believes. Everyone interprets what they see different and some

We Must Become More Accepting of the LGBT Community Essay

The sky is blushing red above the LGBT community, harassment a constant and inequality beginning as an adjustment. Without an alarm the LGBT community is continually awakened with news stories of children, brothers, and friends betrayed by their neighbors and their mothers due to their sexuality. Through the depths of era and age the community has entered a movement of desired acceptance and equal rights. In Oklahoma and other states, people are not so tolerant towards the community with personal beliefs more than not to blame. Oklahoma needs to become more accepting of the LGBT community. The LGBT community consists of those who consider themselves lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender. The community is that of your students and†¦show more content†¦The child has now grown and been taught whats natal is whats wrong, which is awfully harmful especially on a concept so complex like sexuality. Reaching adolescence, teenagers are now transitioning into the ultimate phase of development in front of an entire room. Credit to Erik Erikson, a developmental psychologist, ‘Who am I?’ will routinely be asked during this stage. Teenagers at this point are perplexed with everything from their ambitions to their hair to their future and to their sexuality. Experimentation is manipulated and some will now find themselves confident in what was always wrong to them or the people around them, like homosexuality. .Many teenagers in the LGBT community are so often victims of bullying and harassment from their peers due to their sexuality, and as hard as it is to fit in with people older and younger, it now seems to be preposterous to fit in at all at such a pivotal time of needed acceptance. We believe that the fear is not irrational, but that it is learned from parents and peers, and teachers and coaches, as well as from the environment in which individuals interact daily. If homonegativism is learned, then it can be unlearned or, better yet, never learned (Krane). Without peers and without guidance, the youth in the community find themselves entirely alone which in turn, depression and other mentalShow MoreRelatedCelebrating the Queer in Amsterdam693 Words   |  3 PagesI think the celebration of LGBT identities in Amsterdam from the article Gay Men and Lesbians in the Netherlands by Gert Hekma and Jan Willem Duyvendak to the movie we watched was an interesting look at LGBT struggles (or lack of struggles) and identities found in the Netherlands in comparison to the United States. At first glance, from both the movie and the article, Amsterdam just seems like a wild, amazing time for people of all sexualities. Equality has been reached. Hallelujah! Lets partyRead MoreHate Crime Essay1551 Words   |  7 Pagescrimes towards the LGBT community are on the rise. Offenders with negative views of LGBT people are inflicting pain onto those they deem sinful . According to the FBI, sexual orientation motivated nearly 18% of all hate crimes in 2016. Though the number may not seem excessive, sexuality is currently the third leading incentive for hate crimes and rising (FBI). For instance, in 2016, the New York Times reported Omar Mateen, an American who pledged allegiance to ISIS, attacked an LGBT nightclub killingRead MoreThe Importance Of Being Accepted When Coming Out As A Gay Individual1368 Words   |  6 Pagesindicate that between 25% and 50% of homeless youth are LGBT and on the streets because of their sexual orientation or gender identity’ (Pflagnyc, Statistics You Should Know About Gay and Transgender Students). LGBT youth’s also have an increased chance of living in an abusive household with older parents due to a contrast of two different generations. The young generation of today is more susceptible to accepting LGBT members because it is a more liberal time period. However, the older generations areRead MoreLg bt Youth Discrimination Is A Form Of Aggressive Behavior1396 Words   |  6 PagesSara Varghese Rewriting America Professor Madore 17 February 2016 LGBT Youth Discrimination â€Å"Bullying is a form of aggressive behavior in which someone intentionally and repeatedly causes another person injury or discomfort (American).† Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender individuals, along with many other sexual minority young people, usually experience more bullying, violence, harassment, and degradation at school, than their heterosexual peers. Much of theRead MoreSexual Orientation and Gay Marriage Essay1052 Words   |  5 Pageshostility toward LGBT parents State law prohibits bullying in public schools and cyber bullying, but the law does not specifically state anything about sexual orientation (which I suppose means when people call people names for their sexual orientation they don’t necessarily have to get in trouble for it). The law also does not mention anything about gender identity. Also, there is no antidiscrimination laws that apply or may apply to schools, meaning it must be okay to discriminate against LGBT kids. ItRead MoreSocial And Environmental Factors That Influence A Family Of Lgbt Essay1507 Words   |  7 Pageshumanity† - Nelson MandelaI. Throughout history, the LGBT community has overcome major obstacles to equality. In our society today we see a more openness towards LGBT from shows like Modern Family, to influential people like actress and advocate, Laverne Cox. There are still many battles to be won to achieve all equality for homosexuals and other minorities in our society. I had the pleasure of interviewing J, a person who identifies as lgbt and in our discussion I learned about her experiencesRead MoreHate Crimes In The Lgbt Community1580 Words   |  7 Pagespart of the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender community; that is roughly equivalent to the entire population of New Jersey. The LGBT community stands for and places their beliefs in equality, individuality, and pride. Despite their efforts, they are still faced with degrading discrimination and cruel hatred. Today, fourteen percent of all hate crimes are directed towards to LGBT community. (fbi.gov) The number of hate crimes towards the community is qu ickly increasing and evolving into a worldwideRead MoreThe Co Cultural Theory : A Wide Range Of Diversity Essay1324 Words   |  6 PagesZealand there is a wide range of diversity. New Zealanders have only recently adjusted to the social acceptance of The LGBT community (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transsexual). It is important that we evaluate the implications that the LGBT minority group are faced with. We must use Orbe’s co-cultural theory in order to understand the issues that arise from the dominant heterosexual community. The co-cultural theory was created in order to assist in understanding the various ways in which people who areRead MoreGay Community Rights and Respinsiblities Essay1392 Words   |  6 Pageshomosexuality have formed a varying timeline. The LGBT community’s rights and responsibilities must match those of society in general. Throughout the last 50 years the rights deserved by those who are lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender has been debated. Debates have included topics such as same sex marriage, housing security, and job security. The LGBT community needs laws protecting it from hate crimes. There have been multiple incidents LGBT individuals have been beaten, raped, and even murderedRead MoreCan Prejudice Ever Be Eliminated?1094 Words   |  5 Pagesbe defined as a set of negative and irrational feelings, beliefs, and actions that are directed towards those of a different race, culture and religion. In the States, the African-American race has long been under prejudice by the Whites in the community. The Holocaust during World War II is also a portrayal of extreme prejudice against the Jews. According to Psychologist  Gordon Allport, prejudice emerges in part as a result of normal human thinking, in other words, it is in human nature.  Despite

Gender Inequality An Ongoing Issue That Occurs Everywhere

Gender inequality is an ongoing issue that occurs everywhere. The Oxford Dictionary of Sports Science Medicine defines gender inequality as â€Å"Social process by which people are treated differently and disadvantageously, under similar circumstances, on the basis of gender† (Kent). This inequality is deeply related to the social view of the gender and inherent biological factors. According to Jay Mcsherry in his paper The Gender Divide, he claims that gender inequality can be seen from differences in socially established gender roles, also with biological factors such as, chromosomes, brain structure, and hormonal differences (Mcsherry). Mcsherry reveals in his paper that women in the United States make up fifty-one percent of the entire population, also forty-seven percent of the population of the workforce. In spite of the significant share of the female workforce in the society, women also often face some issues that prevent them from finding most profitable professions . Although both genders should be treated equally in the workforce, female still face gender inequality in employment, leadership, and earnings. Gender discrimination can be found in the workforce starting from the employment process. Roberto M. Fernandez, a professor of Management and Organization Studies at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology did a research on this topic of gender inequality (Fernandez). His research reveals that when employers assigning candidates to job positions, womenShow MoreRelatedGender Inequality Across All Professions1799 Words   |  8 PagesIn the past half century, America has seen a historic decline in gender inequality across many realms of society. Women have reached levels of success that they never have before, finding equality in education, employment and political representation. Yet despite these gains, inequality remains a persistent issue. It is particularly prominent in the workplace, where women face the glass ceiling effect and a si gnificant gender wage gap across all professions. A closer look at the competing explanationsRead MoreMeritocracy And Structure Of Gender Inequality1773 Words   |  8 PagesMeritocracy and Structure in Gender Inequality In the past half century, America has seen a historic decline in gender inequality across many realms of society. Women have reached unprecedented levels of success, finding equality in education, employment and political representation. Yet despite these gains, inequality remains a persistent issue. It is particularly prominent in the workplace, where women face the glass ceiling effect and a significant gender wage gap across all professions. A closerRead MoreA Study of Gender Equality at a Workplace in Singapore15000 Words   |  60 Pagesimproved to be more equal on the gender differences? (Multiple answers are allowed) Q16: In general, do you see any differences when come to job opportunity for the male and the female in Singapore that you are currently working/were last worked in? Q15: In relation to your answer to question (14) above, what could be the reason(s) for the more gender in the management positions? (multiple/additional answers are allowed) Q14: Which of the below best describes the gender of the managerial level andRead MoreU.s. African Development Foundation6843 Words   |  28 Pagessuggest is the idea that the U.S. has been spending a lot of money in foreign aids, particularly in the Africa continent, and yet poverty in general still exists (http://www.foreignassistance.gov/web/Agencylanding.aspx). Another data to show the ongoing problem of poverty is from the World Bank website. When we select the $1.25 and $2 a day option under â€Å"Latest Country Poverty Data† and some specific regions under â€Å"Explore Data† we will see that there is still, in general, a high percentage of peopleRead MoreCrime Against Women and Challenges to Overcome Them5619 Words   |  23 Pagescountry and that nation which did not respect women have never become great nor will ever in future†. Study of the history of human society reveals that in no society of the world have women enjoyed absolute equality on par with men. Everywhere they were subjected to inequality, discrimination and exploitation. The Constitution of India provides equal rights and opportunities to women. It does not make any discrimination on the ground of sex. This does not mean that our women are completely free from problemsRead MoreHuman Immunodeficiency Infection ( Hiv ) Global Health Report6698 Words   |  27 Pagesinfection reported from all regions in the world. The majority of old and new cases are reported from sub-Saharan Africa which accounts for almost 70%. Most of the HIV infection affects people at their predictive life, and around 40% of the infection occurs in young youth at age less than 25 ys. (Global Health policy, 2014). HIV infection affects household, families, communities, and nations. It is regarded to be a burden to the both developing and developed countries. It restrict development and economicRead MoreExistence of Crime2232 Words   |  9 Pagesdifferences within a society, for instance an individual of a higher social economic class that feel as though they are better than an individual from a lower working class. This is an ongoing issue which is seen as both groups wanting the respect or power they feel they deserve. This group against group dilemma can be seen everywhere; for instance when discussing the employer and employee fairness. It is seen within a society how business owners sometimes attempt to give good benefits to offset the poor hourlyRead MoreThe Gay Rights Movement3482 Words   |  14 PagesTri An Nguyen Mr. Gage AP Government 12 March 2015 The Gay Rights Movement Homosexuality has been an issue for the public for an extremely long time dating back to even Ancient Rome and Greek. Especially with the birth of Christianity, the religious society has been persecuting anyone claiming homosexuality, forcing people to hide their own sexuality for centuries. It is important to understand and know the past of the homsexuality to understand the reason for their fight and the mentality of theirRead MoreChina in Africa Essay20116 Words   |  81 PagesBeyene Property rights Kjell Havnevik Tor A. Benjaminsen Espen Sjaastad inequality and climate change contents to our reAders AfricAn Agriculture 1 3 november 2007 Carin Norberg African agriculture and the World Bank: development or impoverishment? Atakilte Beyene 5 8 Property rights formalisation in Africa Tor A. Benjaminsen Espen Sjaastad the relationship between inequality and climate change Kjell Havnevik commentAries intervieW 11 14 decoding theRead MoreTrobriand Islanders-Malinowski and Weiner10855 Words   |  44 Pagesthere is some evidence suggestive of changes internal to sagali, and definitive evidence of changes in the broader context in which these exchanges transpire. This broader context situates traditional elements of Trobriand culture in relation to the ongoing processes of economic and political development (cf. Carrier and Carrier 1987). Weiner stresses the continuity of Trobriand culture in the context of the politics of the emerging nation of Papua New Guinea. It is clear from Weiners introduction to

Smashed Story Of A Drunken Girlhood by Koren Zailckas Essay

Smashed: Story of a Drunken Girlhood Smashed: Story of a Drunken Girlhood is Koren Zailckas account of life as an alcoholic. It traces her life from her first drink, when she was fourteen, to her last, at twenty-two; Smashed chronicles Zailckas struggle with alcohol abuse, in an effort to explain the binge drinking phenomenon that plagues Americas youth. When Koren was fourteen her friend Natalie found a bottle of Whiskey at Natalies parents cabin. This would be her first experience, of many, with alcohol. Later that day she and Natalie went to a birthday party; they took plastic apple juice bottles and filled them with Southern Comfort whiskey for the party. They ended up sharing it with most of the people there. This exposed†¦show more content†¦I think you should really think about what you are doing. In the meantime, I dont know if I want to keep exchanging letters because I just dont want to hear about it. Maybe one day I will trust you again. Margaret P.S. Enclosed is a poem I think you should read. Koren was upset the most by the fact that her fondness of drinking, somehow, caused her to lose the trust of her distant friend. She replied to her pen pal with a poem by E.E. Cummings, Since feeling is first Who pays attention To the syntax of things Will never wholly kiss you: Wholly to be a fool While Spring is in the world. This showed that Koren did not care about other peoples opinions about her problems. She thought that nothing bad would ever come out of drinking. She was wrong. That summer, for the first time, her parents caught her drinking. She was on vacation in Ocean City, Maryland with her family and her friend Natalie. They went for two reasons. They went because her father had received a raise from the technological corporation he works at, and she had torn a ligament in her knee from falling down the stairs. Koren and Natalie went to a Pizza Palace and asked an employee where the college parties were. Later they snuck out of the condo and down the street to a trolley stop. The trolley took them to a beach a couple miles away where they were offered beer and drugs from the people at the party. Koren and Natalie went to a collegeShow MoreRelatedKoren Zailckas, The Author Of Smashed: Story Of A Drunken1532 Words   |  7 PagesKoren Zailckas, the author of Smashe d: Story of a Drunken Girlhood (2005), is a 37 year-old Caucasian female who was born to a Catholic, middle-class family in 1980 (Zailckas, 2005, p. xiii). Zailckas grew up on the Northeast side of the United States with her mother, father, and sister who is five years younger than her—none of whom, according to her, have a history of alcoholism (p. xiv). Zailckas, however, recounts starting to drink as early as the age of fourteen and continuing to do so throughoutRead MoreThe Zailckas Smashed : A Story Of A Drunken Girlhood1465 Words   |  6 Pages I decided to write my final paper on Koren Zailckas Smashed: A Story of a Drunken Girlhood. A memoir based on a young 14 year old girl who drinks for the first time with her friend Natalie before a birthday party. Her experiences with alcohol doesn’t stop there. We learn that she gets her stomach pumped at age 16, and at age 22, wakes up in an apartment in New York City unsure of where she is, because of alcohol. After t his, she realizes that she has a problem and that she needs help. I chose this

Computer Games On Critical Thinking Skills Of Adolescence Education Essay Free Essays

Presents, the new coevals has begun to develop an involvement in assorted computing machine bet oning activities. It is likely that computing machine games provide satisfaction for the demands, such as to let go of emphasis and as a acquisition procedure tool. Therefore, both kids and grownups are really attracted and addicted to these activities. We will write a custom essay sample on Computer Games On Critical Thinking Skills Of Adolescence Education Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is really common for grownups to acquire involved in these computing machine games because drama is a natural manner to larn as it is joyful and can supply the chances to unconsciously incorporate thoughts ( Eow, Wan Zah Wan Ali, Rosnaini Mahmud A ; Roselan Baki, 2009 ) . In add-on, great entree to cyberspace has besides increased these old ages. Most households are able to afford computing machine and internet entree at place. Besides, picture games had besides increased to go one of kids and adolescence ‘s front-runner, even in grownups every bit good. The gross revenues of video games in the United States have grown systematically between $ 7 billion and $ 7.5 billion in 1999. On the other manus, the worldwide gross revenues had besides increased to $ 20 billion ( Gentile, Lynch, Linder A ; Walsh, 2004 ) . Games have ever been a favorite interest for everyone despite their age and gender. But, how is game defined? Harmonizing to Huizinga ( as cited in Smed A ; Hakonen, 2003 ) , he defined drama as an activity which returns within certain bounds of clip and infinite, in a seeable order, harmonizing to regulations freely accepted, and outside the domain of necessity or material public-service corporation. In add-on, game is defined as an cosmopolitan signifier of diversion which includes any activity of amusement and organize a competition or competition fortunes. A game is comprised of three constituents: the willingness of participants to take part in the game to seek for amusement, regulations that provide bounds for the game, and ends which initiate struggles and competition among the participants. So, computing machine games can be defined as a set of activities that involves one or more participants, with ends, restraints and effects. Harmonizing to Crawford ( as cited in Hasiah Mohamed Omar, Nora Yanti Che Jan A ; Nik Marsyahariani Nik Daud, 2010 ) , all games are comprised of four common factors: representation, interaction, struggle and safety. It is accomplished with the assistance of a computing machine plan, in which the computing machine coordinates the game procedure, exemplify the state of affairs and take part as a participant. There are assorted types of computing machine games designed to suit different participants ‘ demands and demands, for case, function playing game, educational game, athletics game and amusement game. World of Warcrafts ( WOW ) is the most popular â€Å" massively multiplayer on-line role-playing games † ( MMORPGs ) worldwide, with transcending 9 million endorsers from North America and Europe, Australia, New Zealand, China, Korea, Thailand, Malaysia, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Macau, based on the Blizzard ‘s official web site. Besides, it is besides the first on-line game to make the gross revenues of over $ 100 million worldwide in the first twelvemonth of production, and besides known as the best-selling Personal computer game in 2005 and 2006 ( Chen A ; Chang, 2008 ) . Games may be harmful to a individual ‘s wellness, but it may besides lend to an of import function in instruction. It benefits users in larning procedure such as bettering their logical and critical thought and job resolution accomplishments. Besides, it besides assists users in bettering their physiological reactions and hand-eye coordination. Critical thought is acquiring more and more of import as a cognitive undertaking on present yearss. Persons today frequently encountered metric tons of jobs and have an increasing figure of of import determinations to do, which affects themselves and the society. The National Council for Excellence in Critical Thinking defined critical thought as the intellectually disciplined procedure of actively and skillfully gestating, using, analysing, synthesising, and measuring information gathered from observation, experience, contemplation, concluding, or communicating, as a usher to belief and action. There are two factors in critical thought: a set of information, belief generating and processing accomplishments ; and the wont of utilizing those accomplishments to steer action ( Foundation for Critical Thinking, 2009 ; Renaud A ; Murray, 2008 ) . Critical thought is non cosmopolitan as persons have undisciplined and irrational idea. However, it is seen as a self-guided and self-restraining thought in which concluding frequently occurs at the highest degree. Persons with critical thought are able to utilize their rational tools to believe rationally and moderately by forming and analysing ideas in order to do determinations that affect their lives, every bit good as to better their thought and concluding accomplishments ( Schafersman, 1991 ) . Problem Statement In Malaysia, 75.8 % of signifier one pupils in Kuala Lumpur were gamers, whereas the other 24.2 % were non-gamers. It is so reported that out of the 138 male childs being surveyed, 126 ( 91.3 % ) of them were gamers. On the other manus, 53 out of 98 ( 54.1 % ) miss being surveyed were besides gamers. This research showed that male childs have a higher per centum to be gamers than misss. Computer games do non merely act as the involvement among adolescence, it besides acted as a acquisition tool where brainstorming and critical thought develops. Therefore, it is non surprising that the signifier one pupils are so indulged in it ( Eow, Wan Zah Wan Ali, Rosnaini Mahmud A ; Roselan Baki, 2009 ) . In a study on Institute of Higher Learning ( IHL ) pupils ‘ exposure to computing machine games in Malaysia, it is reported that 36.8 % of pupils were exposed to computing machine games at the age of 10 to 12, 21.1 % at the age of 7 to 9, and 7 % at the age of 16 to 18. About 80 % preferred to play card and arcade games, followed by action games ( 69.2 % ) , function playing games ( 63.1 % ) , puzzle games ( 50.8 % ) , scheme games ( 26.2 % ) and sport games ( 21.5 % ) . This statistics revealed that the pupils at IHL have a penchant for games that enhance their high-order thought accomplishments ( Hasiah Mohamed Omar, Nora Yanti Che Jan A ; Nik Marsyahariani Nik Daud, 2010 ) . Excessive exposure to computing machine games can be risky as it may impact wellness and even take to decease. In Beijing, a adult male in his mid-thirtiess was found abruptly after an inordinate three-day gambling indulgence in 2007. Deaths by bet oning have besides been reported in Hong Kong, a 28-year-old adult male and a 17-year-old male child died within a twelvemonth of each other while playing the first-person taw game. In the U.S, a adult male died a hebdomad after he played Nintendo. On the other manus, in South Korea, a adult male died four yearss subsequently after exposure to inordinate on-line games. Harmonizing to Dr. Maressa Orzack ( as cited in Lee, 2009 ) , â€Å" our society is going more computing machine dependant non merely for information, but besides for merriment and amusement, this tendency is a possible job impacting all ages, get downing with computing machine games for childs. † Numerous surveies had revealed a consistent negative correlativity between sums of picture games played and school public presentation of kids, adolescence, and college pupils. Harmonizing to the informations, adolescence and college pupils who spent more clip on games are more likely to hold poorer classs in categories, compared to non-gamers. Besides, the content of games besides played an of import function. Based on recent analyses, approximately 89 % of games contain some violent content in which half of the games presented heavy force. Spending excessively much clip on these force games can bring forth strong negative effects on the gamer. For case, additions aggressive behaviors, ideas and emotions ; desensitisation to real-life force, increases physiological rousing and decreases societal behavior ( Gentile, Lynch, Linder A ; Walsh, 2004 ) . The effects are proven by informations collected from functional magnetic resonance imagination scan ( functional magnetic resonance im aging ) . It showed that there is activation in the amygdaloid nucleus when the adolescents are playing games, but less activation in the concentration portion of the encephalon ( Carney, 2008 ) . Other than that, video games can besides do several other effects such as fleshiness in kids, societal isolation and physiological wellness jobs. Obesity is hazardous because it affects one ‘s wellness to the extreme. When kids spend most of their clip sitting and bet oning, they do non even bother to acquire up or hold a walk outside. Hence, opportunities of acquiring corpulence are ineluctable if they do non do any alterations with their lives. In the same state of affairs, the longer the clip they caught up in gambling activities, the more opportunities of them to lose socialisation accomplishments or connexion with the outside universe. Face-to face socialisation will be reduced since they can hold interaction with others through the Internet. Therefore, these kids will bit by bit go socially stray someday. Furthermore, physiological jobs such as GI jobs, sickness and concerns, attending jobs such as Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( ADHD ) , addition in both emoti onal and behavioral upset symptoms, diminutions in verbal memory public presentation, and decreased sum of slumber ( AddictionBlog.org, 2010 ; Cultrona, 2010 ) . Frand ( as cited in Roselan Baki, Eow, Wan Zah Wan Ali, Rosnaini Mahmud A ; Mohd. Sahandri Gani Hamzah, 2008 ) discovered that computing machine games and cyberspace are really of import to the younger coevals as they depended and remain connected with it most of their clip. However, other research workers claimed that picture games are no longer a interest for adolescence as it works as a larning tool in which it enhances computing machine literacy, ocular attending, job resolution and reaction clip. In add-on, Gee ( as cited in Roselan Baki, Eow, Wan Zah Wan Ali, Rosnaini Mahmud A ; Mohd. Sahandri Gani Hamzah, 2008 ) mentioned that video game can be a learning tool integrated into schoolroom acquisition since kids today frequently play games. Harmonizing to him, â€Å" when childs play videogames they experience a much more powerful signifier of larning than when they are in the schoolroom † . Besides, the benefits that one could obtain from computing machine games include chance for practical socialization ; larning about other participants ‘ civilizations and life styles ; prosecute in high-order thought accomplishment ; gathers general cognition ; and even increasing the linguistic communication larning chance. Therefore, it is suggested that instructors in school should admit the benefits of games on cognitive development of the pupils by organizing learning methods that helps to reassign the accomplishments and schemes to the pupils ( Roselan Baki, Eow, Wan Zah Wan Ali, Rosnaini Mahmud A ; Mohd. Sahandri Gani Hamzah, 2008 ) . Conceptual Model Gender *Independent Variable* Male Female Critical Thinking Skills *Dependent Variable* Duration of games played per twenty-four hours *Independent Variable* Type of Games *Independent Variable* Strategy Game 1. lt ; 2 hours Arcade Game 2. 3 – 6 hours Card and Board Game 3. 7 – 10 hours Shooting Game 4. 11 – 13 hours Word and Puzzle Game 5. gt ; 14 hours Role-Playing Game The chief model of this research is focused on how computing machine games can be of import determiners of the development of critical thought accomplishments in adolescence. Three variables: gender, type of games and continuance of games played per twenty-four hours will be examined and they act as an independent variable in this research. The type of games will be categorized into six classs such as scheme, arcade, card and board, word and mystifier, shot, and role-playing games. Each of these independent variables will be surveyed whether it plays a function in developing or bettering critical thought accomplishments in adolescence. Theoretical Model John Dewey ‘s Definition of Critical Thinking Harmonizing to John Dewey, critical thought is viewed as ‘reflective thought ‘ and it is defined as an â€Å" active, relentless, and careful consideration of a belief or supposed signifier of cognition in the visible radiation of the evidences which support it and the farther decisions to which it tends ( as cited in Jaimes, 2005 ) . † Robert Ennis ‘s Definition of Critical Thinking A widely used definition of critical thought was developed by Robert Ennis whom so defined critical thought as â€Å" sensible, brooding thought that is focused on make up one’s minding what to believe or make ( Fisher, 2001 ) . † Moore and Parker ‘s Definition of Critical Thinking Harmonizing to Moore and Parker, critical thought is defined as â€Å" the careful, calculated finding of whether we should accept, reject, or suspend judgement about a claim, and the grade of assurance with which we accept or reject it ( The Critical Thinking Co Staff, 2005 ) . † Mathew Lipman ‘s Definition of Critical Thinking In Lipman ‘s position, critical thought is seen as a more complex procedure than ordinary thought. Lipman defines critical thought as a adept and responsible idea that helps to build better judgemental accomplishments. Harmonizing to Lipman, critical thought accomplishments are applied in a given context in order to assist separate between the most relevant and less relevant information received. Therefore, critical thought represents a tool for countering sentiments ( noncritical thought ) and thoughtless behavior. Apart from that, Lipman argues that critical thought â€Å" protects us from being coerced or brainwashed into believing what others want us to believe without holding the chance to ask for ourselves. † ( Murchu A ; Muirhead, 2005 ; Daniel, Splitter, Slade, Lafortune, Pallascio A ; Mongeau, 2004 ) . Critical thought is thought to develop based on four classs: conceptualization, concluding, generalization and research. In Lipman ‘s point of view, critical thought develops based on three standards: ( 1 ) Use of peculiar standards, whereby a individual who uses peculiar standards of his or her ain critical thought accomplishments to measure the footings of statements ; ( 2 ) Self-correction, in the sense that persons are capable of transporting out an active geographic expedition for the mistake they make with the aid of self-correction in their head ; ( 3 ) Sensitivity to context, in which the flexible ideas helps persons to place assorted applications of regulations and rules for different state of affairss ( Daniel, Splitter, Slade, Lafortune, Pallascio A ; Mongeau, 2004 ) . Edward Glaser ‘s Definition of Critical Thinking Critical thought was defined by Edward Glaser in 1941 as the ability to believe critically which involves three constituents: ( 1 ) an attitude of being disposed to see in a thoughtful manner the jobs and topics that come within the scope of one ‘s experience, ( 2 ) holding the cognition of the methods for logical enquiry and logical thinking, and ( 3 ) the accomplishments required in using those methods. Harmonizing to Glaser, critical thought is a utile cognitive tool with a scope of abilities such as to acknowledge jobs, to happen solutions for the jobs, to garner information, to acknowledge the unexpressed premises, to grok and utilize linguistic communication with truth, to construe informations, to measure grounds, to measure statements, to acknowledge logical relationships between propositions, to pull and prove decisions, to retrace forms of beliefs, and to render opinions ( Foundation for Critical Thinking, 2009 ; Fisher, 2001 ) . Bloom ‘s Taxonomy of Learning Domains The well known Bloom ‘s Taxonomy was originally formulated by Benjamin Bloom in 1956. This theoretical account was chiefly created for educational intents in developing critical thought accomplishments in pupils. It serves as a checklist that provides construction for planning, planing, measuring and measuring preparation and larning effectivity. There were three chief spheres identified: cognitive, affectional, and psychomotor. The cognitive sphere is comprised of six degrees which were organized from the simplest to the most complex: Knowledge, Comprehension, Application, Analysis, Synthesis, and Evaluation ( Big Dog A ; Little Dog ‘s Performance Juxtaposition, 2009 ; BusinessBalls.com, 2009 ; Bellis, 2010 ) . Knowledge refers to the retrieval of informations or antecedently learned information such as the acknowledgment of specific facts to finish theories. Although it is the start for higher degree of believing development, nevertheless, it is besides the lowest degree of larning results in the sphere. Comprehension, on the other manus, refers to the ability to grok, construe, and understand the significance of information antecedently learned. If an person can grok rules and theories, it so contributes to future job work outing or determination devising in the work topographic point. It represents the lowest degree of understanding in the hierarchy. Application is defined as the usage of erudite stuff in a novel and concrete state of affairs. In other words, it involves choice and interlingual rendition of constructs, rules and theories into work outing a undertaking or job. It therefore requires a higher degree of understanding in this degree ( Hammond, 2007 ) . Analysis refers to the ability to acknowledge and separate stuffs learned into constituent parts, analyze the relationships between parts and recognize the organisation rules involved. It is in this degree that critical thought and job work outing gets involved. Besides, an apprehension of both content and structural signifier of stuff are besides involved. As for the degree of synthesis, it is the ability to organize a new construction ( i.e. , program, proposal ) from several little constituent parts, such as uniting thoughts. Emphasis on the preparation of new constructions is seen as the larning results in synthesis. Evaluation refers to the opinions made about the stuffs ‘ value for a given intent. The acquisition results are the highest among the hierarchy because they comprised of elements from all of the other degrees in the taxonomy. Besides, it besides contains witting value opinions based on clearly defined standards ( Huitt, 2009 ; Instructional Design Knowledge Bas e, n.d ) . However, Bloom ‘s taxonomy has been criticized by professional critics. They commented that this hierarchy merely focuses on the idea processes itself and non sing how these procedures may work otherwise on several different informations or state of affairss. They besides mentioned that the knowledge-level of thought can non be assumed as less demanding than application-level thought ( Harmon A ; Jones, 2005 ) . On the other manus, Marzano pointed out that the construction of the taxonomy traveling from simplest degree of cognition to hard degree of rating has no supports from research surveies ( Intel Education, n.d. ) . Core Critical Thinking Skills ( Peter A. Facione ) Peter Facione conducted a Delphi undertaking with a group of critical thought experts and identified the nucleus elements of critical thought, known as the nucleus critical thought accomplishments. Harmonizing to the panel of experts, the nucleus of critical thought accomplishments can be divided into six cognitive accomplishments: reading, analysis, rating, illation, account, and self-regulation. Based on the experts ‘ consensus statements, reading is defined as the ability â€Å" to grok and show the significance or significance of a broad assortment of experiences, state of affairss, informations, events, judgements, conventions, beliefs, regulations, processs, or standards. † The sub-skills include classification, decrypting significance, and clear uping significance. Analysis, on the other manus, is â€Å" to place intended and existent illative relationships among statements, inquiries, constructs, descriptions, or other signifiers of representation that is intend ed to show belief, opinion, experiences, grounds, information, or sentiments. † The sub-skills include scrutiny of thoughts, sensing of statements, and analysis of statements ( Facione, 1990 ) . The 3rd accomplishment, rating, is â€Å" to measure the credibleness of statements or other representations which are histories or descriptions of a individual ‘s perceptual experience, experience, state of affairs, opinion, belief, or sentiment ; and to measure the logical strength of the existent or intended illative relationships among statements, descriptions, inquiries or other signifiers of representation. † It includes the sub-skills of measuring claims and measuring statements. Inference is defined as the accomplishments â€Å" to place and procure elements needed to pull sensible decisions ; to organize speculations and hypotheses ; to see relevant information and to evoke the effects fluxing from informations, statements, rules, grounds, opinions, beliefs, sentiments, constructs, descriptions, inquiries, or other signifiers of representation. † The sub-skills include questioning grounds, speculating options, and pulling decisions. Explanation refers to the ability â€Å" to province the consequences of one ‘s logical thinking ; to warrant that concluding in footings of the evidentiary, conceptual, methodological, criteriological, and contextual considerations upon which 1 ‘s consequences were based ; and to show one ‘s logical thinking in the signifier of telling statements. † Sub-skills of account include description of consequences, warranting processs, and showing statements. The last accomplishments which is known as self-regulation, is besides the most singular accomplishments among all six accomplishments. Experts define it as â€Å" self-consciously to supervise one ‘s cognitive activities, the elements used in those activities, and the consequences educed, peculiarly by using accomplishments in analysis, and rating to one ‘s ain illative opinions with a position toward oppugning, corroborating, proof, or rectifying either one ‘s concluding or one ‘s con sequences. † The sub-skills include the introspection and self-correction ( Facione, 2010 ) . A Stage Theory of Critical Thinking ( Linda Elder with Richard Paul ) A phase theory of critical thought development was originally developed by Linda Elder with Richard Paul ( Gakushuu, 2010 ) . Six phases were involved in this theory: 1 ) the unthinking mind, 2 ) the challenged mind, 3 ) the beginning mind, 4 ) the practicing mind, 5 ) the advanced mind, and 6 ) the maestro mind. In phase one, unthinking minds fail to detect the important jobs existed in their thought, such as doing premises, organizing constructs and sentiments, and pulling illations. In other words, they are incognizant of the lucidity, truth and relevancy of their ideas. Unreflective minds are deficiency of the accomplishments and cognition to measure their thought and better it. In add-on, self-monitoring idea is unequal which makes them unable to recognize their prejudice belief. In phase two, the challenged mind becomes cognizant of the jobs in believing and may try to better and develop consciousness of the appraisals of believing even though they have limited accomplishments in thought. Besides, their deceptive ideas can lead on them to believe that they have better thought accomplishments. Therefore, it leads them to extinguish other jobs in their thought imperceptibly ( Cournoyer, 2008 ; Worldwide Centre for Organisational Development, 2008 ) . In phase three, the beginning mind starts to understand the importance of egoistic function in believing. They have sufficient believing ability to assist them self-monitor their ideas so that they can place bias and biased beliefs. Practicing minds in phase four acknowledge the necessity to execute regular systematic pattern in believing. They besides become more knowing of the demands for regularly monitoring and measuring their ideas. In add-on, they frequently monitor their egoistic thought actively ( Foundation for Critical Thinking, 2009 ) . In phase five, advanced minds have developed apprehensions of jobs at deeper degrees of ideas. However, they are non ready yet to hold consistent high degree believing. They besides have important penetrations into the function of egoistic ideas and the control over the ideas. In phase five, maestro minds exhibit highest degrees of critical thought and continual betterment of their ideas. They develop consistent self-monitoring ideas, and are able to pull off the strengths and failings of their ideas ( Foundation for Critical Thinking, 2009 ; Worldwide Centre for Organisational Development, 2008 ) . The Elementss of Thought ( Richard Paul ) Richard Paul formulated this theoretical account by placing the eight elements as the basic edifice blocks of productive thought. It is composed of eight elements including intent, inquiry at issue, point of position, premises, information, constructs, reading and illation, deductions and effects. Combination of all these eight elements will supply a general logic to logical thinking. The component â€Å" Purpose † suggests that all concluding involves a intent or end. It is of import to clear up the conflicting intents as each single develops different intents in concluding. It is besides of import to find the best intent and non-critical thought motivations that one has. â€Å" Question at Issue † refers to the effort of concluding an issue by inquiring some inquiries. Therefore, issue ever raise a inquiry. The inquiries formulated will be answered or solved by one ‘s concluding procedure. However, before replying the inquiries, one should clearly place the significance of each inquiry. If possible, one should besides find the inquiries as holding one correct reply, or involves sentiments. â€Å" Point of View † includes the position sing an issue and how people are influenced by their ain point of position when logical thinking. Persons should place their ain point of position, every bit good as others in order to find the strengths a nd failings â€Å" Premises † are unexpressed grounds which predict decisions. It is suggested that people need to take things for granted in their logical thinking procedure to do several premises. However, one should clear up the premises made and so merely find its justification. â€Å" Information † requires important groundss that showed logical thinking is acceptable. It is highly of import to garner informations and facts in happening supports and cogent evidence for separating sentiments and grounds. In add-on, it is besides necessary to see the lucidity, truth, and relevancy of the groundss. Experience may besides lend to concluding procedure. â€Å" Concepts † suggest that the usage of constructs and thoughts including rules, Torahs, theories, definitions, and theoretical accounts are needfully required in concluding procedure. Besides, it is besides important to see alternate constructs before make up one’s minding on which to utilize, and to place the luci dity of the constructs. â€Å" Interpretation and illation † involves pulling decisions and happening solution through concluding procedure by the receiving system. The decisions one concept is dependent on the illations that one has made. It is of import to deduce harmonizing to the evidentiary supports and the consistence of illations should be taken into history every bit good. â€Å" Deductions and Consequences † suggest the significance for sing the deductions and effects of concluding. Deductions are decisions drawn from the transmitter and formed by concluding. Therefore, it is of import that one should see both positive and negative deductions and all possible effects ( Paul, 1992 ; Santa Rosa Junior College, 2010 ) . Literature Review Gender and Critical Thinking Skills Type of Games and Critical Thinking Skills Duration of games played per twenty-four hours and Critical Thinking Skills Research Hypothesiss Three void hypotheses are formulated: H01 = There is no important difference between gender and critical thought accomplishments among adolescence H02 = There is no important difference between types of games and critical thought accomplishments among adolescence H03 = There is no relationship between the continuance of games played per twenty-four hours and critical thought accomplishments among adolescence Research Aims To find the differences in critical thought between males and females. To find the differences between critical thought and several types of games played. To look into the relationship between critical thought and the continuance of games played per twenty-four hours. Research Questions Is there a important difference in critical thought between males and females? Is there a important difference between critical thought and several types of games played? Is there a relationship between critical thought and the continuance of games played per twenty-four hours? Operational Definition Critical Thinking Tonss obtained from The Halpern Critical Thinking Assessment Using Everyday Situations ( HCTAES ) Methodology Sampling A sample size of 0.38 % adolescence from around 100000 populations of secondary school in Kuala Lumpur will be selected utilizing the multistage bunch trying method. Therefore, a sample of 400 participants with approximative 240 males and 160 females at the ages runing from 13 to 17 old ages old will be indiscriminately selected ( Krejcie A ; Morgan, as cited in Key, 1997 ; Bahagian Perancangan Dan Penyelidikan Dasar Pendidikan, 2007 ) . First of all, six territories will be indiscriminately selected from 20 territories in Kuala Lumpur. The selected six territories will so be divided into school blocks, which there are 20 blocks in each territory. Four blocks will be indiscriminately selected. Following, split the blocks schools with 40 schools in each block and two schools will be selected indiscriminately. In each school, eight respondents will be indiscriminately selected to take part in this study research. The principle of taking multistage bunch sampling is that it provides a generalisation of the study findings of the population. In add-on, this trying method besides minimizes the possibility of prejudices in response of the study. Data Collection Procedure The information will be collected utilizing face-to-face interview with the participants. The research workers will do assignments with the participants selected in order to run into them in individual. Since there are two questionnaires ( i.e. , Computer Games Questionnaire and The Halpern Critical Thinking Assessment Using Everyday Situations ) needed to administer in this research, therefore the same group of participants selected will be expected to make full up the two questionnaires, one after the other, on the same twenty-four hours of interview. The research workers will be in the same room with the participants to do certain that they fill up both questionnaires, with the Computer Games Questionnaire foremost. After the interview, all the questionnaires will be collected for farther informations analysis. Instruments Demographic Form There are 10 inquiries formulated in the demographic signifier. The participants will be asked of the types of games that they preferred or engaged in playing most frequently. For case, scheme games, arcade games, card and board games, word and mystifier games, hiting games and role-playing games. Based on the different class of games, six inquiries are formed with graduated tables runing from ne’er, rarely, sometimes, often, and frequently. Furthermore, the continuance of clip that they engaged in the gambling activities per twenty-four hours will besides be asked in the questionnaire. Few options of the clip continuance are categorized as less than 2 hours, 3 to 6 hours, 7 to 10 hours, 11 to 13 hours and more than 14 hours per twenty-four hours. Other than that, the last inquiry requires the participant to analyse themselves as which type of computing machine game participant, with options such as non-computer, novice, occasional, frequent, and expert computing machine game participant. The Halpern Critical Thinking Assessment Using Everyday Situations ( HCTAES ) This instrument was late developed by Halpern and is composed of two response formats such as unfastened and closed ( Nieto A ; Saiz, 2008 ) . Halpern made an effort to unite both the multiple-choice and open-ended inquiries into a individual measuring tool due to restrictions of each response format. The trial is considered less structured but it presents more life-like state of affairss by utilizing inquiries that are set in reliable and credible contexts to mensurate critical thought accomplishments. HCTAES is a measuring tool which comprises of 25 scenario-based inquiries on day-to-day life, with each inquiries dwelling of both open-ended and multiple-choice responses necessitating judgement and rating. There are a sum of 50 inquiries formulated in the trial. In the open-ended responses, it is aimed to prove the strategic usage of believing accomplishments and the ability to self-construct possible solutions without any intimations given, or known as measurings of â€Å" free callback. † For illustration, there will be a ‘Yes ‘ or ‘No ‘ inquiry and a short reply inquiry given in this subdivision. On the other manus, the multiple-choice responses measures â€Å" acknowledgment memory † whereby seeking and choice of appropriate cognition and accomplishments from participants ‘ memory are indispensable in assisting them to happen an appropriate reply from a list of options given. Other than supplying inquiries with several options to take from, Likert graduated table or 7-point graduated table is every bit good formulated in this subdivision. In add-on, the open-ended responses will be the first portion in each inquiry and participants are besides required to react to it foremost before they get to reply the multiple-choice portion. The intent of the inquiries formulated in this trial is to mensurate five types of critical thought accomplishments including verbal logical thinking ( i.e. , acknowledgment of the usage of permeant and deceptive linguistic communication ) , argument analysis ( i.e. , acknowledgment of grounds and decisions in statements ) , hypothesis testing ( i.e. , understand the sample size, generalisations ) , utilizing likeliness and uncertainness ( i.e. , using relevant rules of chance, base rates ) , every bit good as determination devising and job resolution ( i.e. , placing the job end, bring forthing and selecting solutions among options ) . Several groundss of the convergent and divergent cogency of the trial had been reported in surveies with assorted samples of American pupils. However, the dependability coefficients ( Cronbach ‘s I ± ) had reported between 0.81 and 0.82 for survey with different groups of pupils ( Ku, 2009 ; Ku A ; Ho, 2010 ) . Datas Analysis The void hypothesis in this research will be tested with one-way ANOVA and independent t-test on gender differences and types of games with critical thought in adolescence. In order to prove if there is any difference between types of games and critical thought, one-way ANOVA with alpha-level 0.05 will be used. The ground is that there are more than two classs of games that are being surveyed, such as scheme, arcade, word and mystifier, role-playing, card and board, and hiting games. Besides that, t-test is chosen to analyse the differences between genders in critical thought. The independent t-test with alpha-level 0.05 will be used since there is no matching required in this research. In add-on, it will be a two-tailed t-test as the relationships between genders are non-directional. Last, a correlational trial will be used to analyse the relationship between continuance of games played per twenty-four hours and critical thought. The consequences will demo that there is a relationsh ip between the two variables. Furthermore, big sum of informations can be collected in a comparatively short period of clip. Restriction and suggested hereafter research Mentions: AddictionBlog.org. ( 2010 ) . Top 10 Negative Effectss of Video Games on Children. Retrieved April 26, 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol: //addictionblog.org/top-10/top-10- negative-effects-of-video-games-on-children/ Bahagian Perancangan Dan Penyelidikan Dasar Pendidikan. ( 2007 ) . Registration and categories of secondary schools by province, type of school and sex ( Jadual 7 ) . Malaya: Ministry of Education. Retrieved April 24, 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol: //apps.moe.gov.my/emis/emis2/emisportal2/mainpage.php? module=Makl umat A ; kategori=47 A ; id=188 A ; papar=1 Bellis, M. ( 2010 ) . Benjamin Bloom – Critical Thinking Skills: Benjamin Bloom Model of Critical Thinking. 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Towards a Definition of a Computer Game. Turku Centre for Computer Science, 553, 3-6. The Critical Thinking Co Staff. ( 2005 ) . What is Critical Thinking? – Critical Thinking Definition. Retrieved May 24, 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.criticalthinking.com/company/articles/critical-thinking-definition.jsp Worldwide Centre for Organisational Development. ( 2008 ) . Critical Thinking: Phases in Developing Critical Thinking. Retrieved April 19, 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol: //talentspotters.org/downloads/CRITICAL-THINKING.pdf How to cite Computer Games On Critical Thinking Skills Of Adolescence Education Essay, Essay examples

Intelligence Reporting and Security Essay Example For Students

Intelligence Reporting and Security Essay 30 March 2002INTELLIGENCE REPORTING AND SECURITYIntelligence report writing takes a lot of preparation before finalizing or conducting a brief. There are many different techniques that can be used to present information that has been discovered during an intelligence investigation. Various charts can be used to analyze the timelines, criminal activities, financial activities, or biographical profiles to prove or disprove lawful conduct of the individual or the organization. The activity flow chart shows the different steps that have been taken in a complex operation. By breaking the steps down, it becomes easier for the analyst and law enforcement organizations to identify the misconduct of a complicated operation. The activity flow chart is also used along with other charts to help further demonstrate probable activity. Assessments are made after and during a strategic investigation. These assessments help to move from a broad or well-defined position and further investigate closer to the source(s). There are two types of assessments: General and Specific. A general assessment provides an overview while a specific assessment can disclose threats and vulnerabilities. An Association analysis is used to show the relationships between people, groups, or organizations to show criminal or non-criminal activity. The association matrix is used as an interim product that includes police reports, surveillance reports, field interviews, corporate records, testimony, informant data, public record data, and other information. The association analysis can be used to indicate other possible criminal activity. The association chart is used in conjunction with the association analysis to depict relationships. The way that the chart is used can provide new information about a network or the operational mode of a conspiracy. In order to interpret the association chart, a few mechanisms must be understood. First, the person in the center of the chart may not be the head of the criminal activity or conspiracy. More likely than not, this person may merely be the easiest person to contact and track by the analyst. Second, the association chart is only a snapshot and relationships may change from day to day. An association matrix is chart made up of rows and columns depicting every relationship that an individual has. Information is taken from investigative reports, public records, and testimony. Each person that is associated will also have as many known other relationships as well. Another type of an analysis that can be utilized is the bank record analysis. This is simply following the money trail and tracking how much money is being spent. The money that is spent can lead directly to other entities that may need to be uncovered in order to draw a clear picture about a criminal activity. This type of analysis can uncover illegal income, skimming, business fraud, or money laundering. The use of time line events is also very helpful in drawing a picture of activities occurring over a period of time. There are a couple of ways to use a timeline. One can be used to judge an individuals or an organizations criminal activity from day to day and another can be used to demonstrate a pattern i n an area of similar criminal activity. The latter can be used to assess the threat or vulnerability of a particular area. The telephone record analysis is used to find out more information about whom the suspect is contacting. The data can be generated from telephone bills or non-audio wire intercepts (dialed numbered recorders or pen registers). A dialed number recorder (DNR) machine will provide information on all the numbers that are a made from a telephone line. Keeping track of the calls made from known criminals can open doors to finding out new unknown conspirators. A telephone record chart is a tool used to visually see all of the calls made from one or several lines. Many times, several telephone records will be obtained to demonstrate the back and forth telephone calls as well as calls made to other sources. The visual chart is easier to understand than sheets of typed information and should be analyzed to determine its meaning. Puritans EssaySome guidelines for an oral report are find out how much time is allotted, identify the audience, plan the brief, choose the key points, develop graphics for presentation, memorize sources/documentation for material in visuals, develop potential questions, and practice. The three keys mentioned above along with the guidelines will enable any analyst to give an oral report that will not put the audience to sleep. Probably the most important guideline is to identify the audience. You will not be able to talk about the physics involved with the analysis to a group of street cops, therefore you will have to keep the information basic as long as you make your point and dont leave anything out. Security surrounds the intelligence process. There are many different types of security, the first being operations security. Operations security is the controlling of any facts about an operation/activity to avoid compromising the entire operation. The steps that can be reviewed prior to or during the planning of a law enforcement operation are identifying critical information, conducting a threat analysis, performing a vulnerability analysis, applying countermeasures. A countermeasure is anything that is done to counter the adversarys ability to access or exploit your information. One-way to compromise an entire operation is to disclose just a little bit of information about it. If you tell a little and someone else says a little and another leaks a little, then the entire operation will be known if the wrong person puts it all together. The best way to avoid an operation being compromised is to not leak anything at all. The role of counterintelligence in law enforcement is to impl ement countermeasures and to try and find out what the criminal may or may not know about any operation. The counterintelligence officer is basically the checks and balances of the agency. Their job is to keep the agency from compromising information as well as obtaining as much intelligence about the adversarys knowledge as well. Communication security involves cryptography, transmission security, etc; and physical security is the actual gate guard and physical barriers that block unclassified personnel from obtaining any information. The use of documents security is another way to ensure that unclassified personnel are aware that the item that they may be trying to look at is classified, and all classified items should be clearly marked in order to avoid any confusion. Intelligence reporting and security are not simple tasks and do deserve a lot of attention. In order for information to be reported correctly it must be researched/collected and analyzed with an unbiased eye. A lot of times an investigator has a sole purpose of convicting a suspect, whereas the analyst has a sole purpose of getting and relaying as much information about a subject as possible. The analyst must keep in mind that all facts should be disclosed to appropriate personnel and after processed, protected from anyone that does not have the need or the right to know. SOURCES USEDLowenthall, M.M. INTELLIGENCE: FROM SECRETS TO POLICY. Washington, DC: CQ Press, 2000. (Chap 7)Peterson, M.B. APPLICATIONS IN CRIMINAL ANALYSIS. Westport,CT: Praeger Publishers, 1998. (Chap 2 and 3)Peterson, M.B. INTELLIGENCE 2000: REVISING THE BASICELEMENTS. Sacramento, CA: LEIU, 2000. (Chap 9 and 12)Sulc, L.B. LAW ENFORCEMENT: COUNTER INTELLIGENCE. ShawneeMission, KS: Varro Press, 1996. (Part 1 Section 1, Part 2Section 10, Appx A)